Hence, desulfation circuit or charge controller is placed along with the rechargeable lead-acid battery for proper charging and subsequently sulfating gets reduced. In this work, the effect of inverse charge on the reactivation of sulfated active materials has been investigated. 99 In Stock. When the battery is charged, the sulfuric acid dissociates into hydrogen ions and sulfate ions. 99. E-FAST Car Battery Chargers /6A Full Automatic Battery Chargers Maintainer 3-Stage Portable Trickle Chargers Battery Desulfator for Car Motorcycle Batteries. How to use your homemade desulfator and suggestions: simply connect the desulfator to the 12 Volt battery you need to "cure" and desulfator supplies itself. But this is probably over powered as the power consumed is not more than 1. Lead acid battery desulfators (pulsers) recover old batteries and extend the life of new ones. 2. 2 watchers. i see i cant add my pcb here or can someone tell. Free returnsMaximize battery life and capacity, recovers weak batteries. occurring, there are uncountable Lead-Acid Battery Desulfator Parts List. 14 average amps. Willen. A tutorial on lead acid battery desulfation methods. The reaction of lead and lead oxide with the sulfuric acid electrolyte produces a voltage. The GENIUS2 is a 6-volt and 12-volt battery charger, battery maintainer, and battery desulfator rated at 2-amps for lead-acid automotive, marine, and deep-cycle batteries, including flooded, gel, AGM, and maintenance-free, plus lithium-ion batteries. By Phillip Torrone. MOTOPOWER MP00205A 12V 800mA Automatic Battery Charger, Maintainer, Trickle and Desulfator. I probably do not have the right coils (got these from my junk box) , it still works , when its. The most effective desulfators sweep a wide range. In either case, you can use an automatic desulfator or a suitable circuit that can rearrange. Hence importance of desulfation or charge controller is high in case of lead-acid battery usage in hybrid electric vehicle. battery maintainer, trickle charger, plus battery desulfator. Most lead acid battery desulfators out there use a flyback design with inductors. Marketed by Battery Solutions & Innovations, Inc. Lead Acid Battery Desulfator 4 of 5 11/26/2005 11:51 AM. Because I don't have a warm garage I may just have to wait until warm weather returns before I can fully do the circuit justice in testing it. 84 32% off. 5V. Do more with Genius - Designed for 6-volt and 12-volt lead-acid automotive, marine, and deep-cycle batteries, including flooded, gel, AGM, and maintenance-free, plus lithium-ion batteries. Identify the bad cells :-. Battery Power Type: Sealed Lead Acid: Battery Size: 12-volt: Cell Type: Specialty: Discharge Cycle: Deep Cycle: Features: No-Leak Guarantee, Rechargeable: Number in Package: 1: Returnable: 90-Day: Safety & Security Product Type: Battery: SLA Type:. Automatic Lead Acid Battery Desulfator 12V - 72V Battery Regenerator 400Ah Pulse Repair. Charging of that 6. These lead acid battery desulfators utilize frequency based pulsing to rejuvenate and restore old tired batteries and as preventative measures on new batteries. This battery charger also functions as a battery maintainer, trickle charger, and battery desulfator. These desulfator battery chargers can be used on all size, types, and brands of lead-acid batteries, including engine starting, deep cycle, AGM, and other varieties. The origional kickback desulfator ran at . Use of Desulfator: By using a desulfator, you can dissolve the sulfur accumulating in your battery. $98. 1. 9 3. i adjusted R2 to 44k as im trying to rep a 6v battery agm type i think. Buy NOCO GENIUS5, 5A Smart Car Battery Charger, 6V and 12V Automotive Charger, Battery Maintainer, Trickle Charger, Float Charger and Desulfator for Motorcycle, ATV, Lithium and Deep Cycle Batteries: Battery Chargers - Amazon. STEP 3:After you have removed the. C. STEP2 Remove its case if its an SLA (Seale Lead Acid )battery and open the vent caps. 2023/10/26 Battery Industry,Battery News. $18. A desulfator or battery reconditioner is defined as a device that restores the capacity of a lead-acid battery. It put off so. For my 33Ah battery that means 33ma trickle current. Availability: BatteryMINDer® 12106 is a 2 stage Charger-Maintainer-Desufator that extends performance and life of 6 Volt lead acid batteries including flooded (filler cap, maintenance-free, valve regulated lead-acid [VRLA], sealed lead-acid [SLA]), starter, deep cycle and hybrid. . 85 $ 25 . Add to Cart . 95. Works. I've only used them on condemned batteries. Make sure the Battery Extra low voltage switch is in the off position. The first method uses PWM pulses from a 555 PWM circuit, the second method implements an ordinary bridge rectifier for implementing a 100 Hz frequency based desulfation, the. PIC12F629 Lead-Acid Battery Desulfator By michaelsanjay in Circuits Electronics 49,185 52 26 Download Hi everyone, After reading so many articles on Battery desulfator i've decided to come out with my version of Battery desulfator using Microchip base micro. Battery Desulfator Circuit. Taking the. 99 $ 105 . All. 3 out of 5 stars 1,020Buy lifepo4 charger 15-Amp Fully-Automatic Smart Charger,12V and 24V Battery Charger,12V/15A 24V/10A Lead-Acid(AGM/Gel/SLA). group of selectable resistors. Add to Cart. As is visible in the circuit diagram, the three controlled selections hook. The lid hole will allow you to observe the LED, while the desulfator is used. line current is converted to approximately 40 volts D. wien. I found four 12 volt, lead acid batteries with four different problems. Frequency is around 1. Battery Life Savers BLS-36N Desulfator for 36V Golf Carts. This sulfation will gradually build and limit the battery's ability to charge, store, and release energy. Free shipping. This restores the battery’s capacity and prolongs its life. charging current and has a small capcity Ah). Preserves new batteries. Willen. Connect the Battery Extra to the positive and negative terminals of the dead battery. Get it as soon as Thursday, Nov 9. Rating: 1 Review. Most regular car batteries are lead acid, including flooded lead acid (the older kind with liquid acid solution), sealed gel cel, and sealed AGM (absorbed glass mat). Actually, you would need either an H-bridge or a center-tapped primary of a toroidal transformer that could operate with decent Q in that frequency range. $18. Free shipping. The lead dioxide (PbO 2) plate reacts with the sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4) electrolyte resulting in hydrogen ions and oxygen ions (which make water) and lead sulfate (PbSO 4) on the plate. Or fastest delivery Tue, Nov 21 . With its float charger and battery desulfator, it can keep your car battery in top condition and extend its life. After five hours the battery voltage was again down to 4. 9 is a standart one given in many chargers. Detects and. The one I have is a feature of my battery charger. 0033 Ohm. He used pulsing to fast-charge batteries. Ok. The desulfator should be installed as close as possible to the battery terminals. Share with:It appears this $20 desulfator device actually saved my 12v AGM battery, while the other $50 charger/desulfator combo device I bought ruined my deep cycle 12v battery (*not; see 8/6/18 update; desulfating can drop electrolyte levels and needs to. Beleeb C40 Adjustable Battery Charger 12V 24V 36V 48V 60V 72V, Pulses of High-Voltage Battery Desulfator Maintainer with Smart Chip for Lead-Acid LiFePO4 Lithium Batteries 4. Open up all battery caps. "Description of "Direct Drive High Power Desulfator". design. A lightly sufated battery can be "Desulfated" in a matter of hours using a 1-4 pound per day pulser. The idea behind the desulfator is that it breaks apart the lead sulfate, allowing the lead to be re-deposited on the plates. Brand New. 2 volts it produced 30 amp pulses into about . USA Seller - Heavy Duty all Metal Battery Desulfator 12V - 72v. Our selection of on-board battery desulfators work on lead acid batteries with voltages ranging from 12 - 156 DC volts. Share. Secondly, using a thermometer to check the temperature, heat around half a liter of distilled water up to 150 degrees Fahrenheit / 65 degrees Celcius. The average current into the battery will be less than 1. 4 out of 5 stars 1,112Lead Acid Auto Battery Desulfator Conditioner Regenerator 12V 24V 36V 48V Volt Combined,2A Auto Pulse Desulfator (Yellow, 2A Max) Magicpulse 12 Volt Battery Refresher, Extend the life of your battery. Gently shake the battery to ensure that the Epsom salt is well distributed. Whereas normal battery acid freezes at well below freezing point of water, the water which results from a discharged battery freezes at temperatures below 32°F / 0°C and expands, resulting in. 2V battery voltage. Re: Guess What Will Happen: Battery Desulfation Experiment. Hard sulfation is typically permanent battery damage. $49. 00 $ 12. The first step is to pulse the battery for 15 seconds using a Charged-Induced-Pulse described by desufonator2. 12V Lead Acid Battery Desulfator SLA AGM Battery Life Extender with Shell Product Parameters: INPUT VOLTAGE: 12Vdc OUTPUT VOLTAGE :30V (pk-pk) RATED CURRENT:40mA Average FREQUENCY RANGE :1. 99. 01 ohms. I have a plastic and lead blob as a result of thermal runaway to prove it. SKU. The XTREME Charge XC100-P  Battery Charger & Desulfator is the best charger for a 12-volt battery. A desulfator pulses a high voltage / current spike into the battery that causes vibrations that knock the sulfate crystals off the plates. It. Also a. 1 volts per cell. 01 DF and I am starting to think that this is too high. FREE delivery Wed, Nov 22 on $35 of items shipped by Amazon. After that, disconnect batteries from chargers and allow them to rest for 10 minutes. USPTO: US Pat 5,063,341 or 2. 95. Sulfation was the predominant aging mechanism in the weakest cell but water loss reduced the capacity of several other cells. Price. 5 you are charging the crap out of the battery, not pulsing it. Now, add Epsom salt to the hot water and stir it until it has dissolved into a solution. 12V Lithium, and 12V Repair Mode - for all types of lead-acid and lithium-ion batteries. PP-12-L Desulfator. TecMate TM-341DUAL OptiMate 4DUAL 1 Amp. In this study, a similar application to them. 84 32% off. 3. I have a plastic and lead blob as a result of thermal runaway to prove it. Free shipping. A fully charged 12. It is not a proven theory and. A lead acid battery is made of parallel plates. GENIUS2, 2-Amp Direct-Mount Onboard, 12V Charger, Maintainer, and Battery Desulfator with Temperature Compensation. For all large lead acid batteries/packs from 12 to 120 volts up to 3,000 Ah. 33 Was: $32. We have 5 separate models that will work on any lead acid battery or battery pack of 12 volts to 120 volts and up to 3,000Ah. Guaranteed to. Sort by Popular Newest Most Reviews Price. If the battery has a high resistance, that energy won’t be absorbed very well and will show up as a very high voltage spike on an oscilloscope. Re: Lead Acid Battery Desulfators 01/04/2015 10:08 PM I've also played around with trying to desulfate batteries and I would say that maybe 1 in 10 can be reasonably rejuvenated. This lead sulfate will form on the batteries internal plates and greatly reduces the capacity of a charge on a battery. As the internal resistance of the battery begins dropping, what kind of desulfator you are using becomes important. There are a few different ways to desulfate a lead acid battery. Allow battery to remain for a minimum of 72 hours before retesting. I can see the LED is glowing little and I can hear its switching (magnetic flux developed around L1 and L2) in my AM receiver. DISCUSSIONS. com FREE DELIVERY possible on eligible purchasesLead Acid Battery Desulfator 12V 24V 36V 48V Battery Regenerator 2A Auto Pulse Desulfator. Most desulfators will continue to pulse when your battery is in a low state. When a battery is discharged some of the lead (Pb) in the lead plate and some of the sulfate (SO4) in the sulphuric acid join together to form lead sulfate (PbSO4). You may. 70% = 12. Desulfation means fixing or reversing sulfation. BatteryMINDer® Model 2012-AGM: 12-Volt 2 AMP Charger-Maintainer-Desulfator for Optima, Odyssey, Polaris, Yuasa & other High Performance Specialty 12 Volt Sealed AGM Lead-Acid Batteries. ---Jack in CA I have a friend that is an electronics genius and he made me a desulfator. Most desulfators will continue to pulse when your battery is in a low state. 20 posts 1; 2; Next; Thermistor schematic Thermistor schematic . Description: BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION. Automatic charging protects your battery from being overcharged. 50 KHz How to Use 1. )the float at 13. FREE Shipping. 2KHz and 6% duty cycle. Location. 64. 5amp, D1 1N5819 . Sulfation was the predominant aging mechanism in the weakest cell but water loss reduced the capacity of. 99. . 3. Re: Desulfate & regenerate lead acid batts: a new DIY guide. 5% coupon applied at checkout Save 5% Details. The lead plate reacts with the electrolyte (sulfuric acid) and leaves lead sulfate (PbSO 4), and a free electron. Lead acid battery desulfators (pulsers) recover old batteries and extend the life of new ones. $12. 6 volt lead-acid battery will have an internal resistance of about 0. 6V LiFePO4 Battery Charger AC-DC Smart Charger for Lithium LiFePO4. Battery desulfator The cheapest and easiest desulfator is you. (33°F to 130°F) Push-Button Selection for ALL battery types and charge rates. Features & Benefits: BatteryMINDer® Model 128CEC2-OBD2: 12-Volt 2/4/8 AMP Lead Acid Charger-Maintainer-Desulfator w/OBD2 Connector & Lithium Charger Maintainer. Enjoy precision charging. 70 Quick view. Free shipping. So in this video we'lll see if it made any difference. 48 Volt PowerPulse PP-48-L Lead-Acid Battery Desulfator. Email Address. Of those 16 batteries I kept 4 batteries as spare and top them up at regular intervals to keep them charged and compensate for the leakage current. When it comes to desulfating a lead acid battery, there are several methods you can employ to rejuvenate and extend the lifespan of your battery. The Pulse Tech 12v On-Board Desulfator Power Pulse is designed to ensure maximum battery performance on single 12-volt lead-acid batteries. I need to build a circuit that removes sulphate deposits from lead acid batteries by using a 555 timer generated pulse to cause high frequency resonnance in the battery (pdf attached - the cited web page doesn't seem to exist any more unfortunately). 12 or 24 Volt Battery Desulfator / Rejuvenator - BLS-12/24B. 2KHz and 6% duty cycle. 99 $ 18. In case your battery starts developing permanent sulfation, one should not panic because the process is reversible through desulfation. If the battery is too badly sulfated and will not take a charge you will need a battery desulfator like I mentioned in the link above. Although. 4. There is a new battery technology. Logged. #4. - 120-volt A. We provide premium chargers and. Disconnect the battery. A Lead Acid Battery is made up of plates of lead in a case filled with an electrolyte (dilute sulphuric acid). Look up the "Direct Drive" thread on the Lead Acid Battery Desulfator. Connect your old lead acid battery to a battery trickle charger or a computerized smart charger and charge it continually for a week to ten. 0033 Ohm. MESSAGES. YSDQ 12V 24V Car Battery Chargers, Portable Trickle Chargers Battery Desulfator Full Automatic Smart Battery Chargers Maintainer, for Car Motorcycle, Lithium, Lead-Acid Boat £37. Different aging mechanisms dominated the capacity loss in different cells within a dead 12 V VRLA battery. 🔋【Wide Range of Applications】This 15 Amp battery charger automotive is designed for 6V/12V lead-acid automotive, marine, VRLA and maintenance-free, and deep-cycle batteries, including flooded, GEL, AGM, EFB batteries with battery capacity 6Ah-200Ah. Designed especially for frequently-charged 12-Volt battery systems, the PowerPulse 12V Battery Maintenance System ensures maximum performance on both single 12-Volt lead-acid batteries as well as two or three 12-Volt batteries connected in parallel. Battery rejuventation or desulfation by means of pulsing was invented by Carl Edward Gali, (1928-2009), (retired microchip designer, Texas Instruments), US Patent 5,063,341, filed Oct 16, 1990, issued Nov 5, 1991. 54A lead-acid (SLI) battery desulfator which is powered by the batteries wh it is conditioning when a motor associated with the batteries is off. This cell would have an extremely low internal resistance and a 500 AH cell requires a lot of pulse current for desulfation to be effective. For solar battery banks, golf buggies, fork-trucks, RV’s, cars and trucks. Stop the charge if you notice anything abnormal. 4. The current method directly recovers the discarded ULABs into the reusable batteries. 82. LST 12V Battery Trickle Charger And Maintainer. You can pick up cheap desulfators for probably $20+ online or an auto parts store. 99. I am thinking of adding a frequency sweeper to the circuit so that it can scan, detect and lock-in to the resonant frequency automatically. 6. A week ago I put two batteries on my two new Battery Desulfators from China. 0 out of 5 stars 80. Be warned tho, it contains lethal voltages. The batteries treated with Thermoil lasted on average 13 and one half years. Determine the internal resistance of the battery by measuring the terminal voltage with open circuit, V, and then the voltage drop across an accurately known resistive load R, voltage DV. WHAT IS A BATTERY DESULFATOR. What is Sulphation in Lead Acid Batteries Sulphation is a process where the sulfuric acid present inside lead acid. . View on Amazon. Jumper CablesChargerMeterthe two electrodes of a battery are not equal, the dynamic characteristics of both electrodes are also different. Your battery shoudnt be lower than 11. . Voltage will climb to >16V. 99. Not only did the treated forklift batteries last longer than the non-treated ones but during this 13 and one half years the treated batteries only needed water every 3 months, never had any corrosion, never needed to be pressured washed or needed acid adjustments and never needed cables. The first step is to pulse the battery for 15 seconds using a Charged-Induced-Pulse described by desufonator2. Free shipping. 1 out of 5 stars 78. Here is the 12 volt desulfator that I have built using the circuit schematic below. MESSAGES. design. SP-3 3 Watt Panel. Using our patented Pulse Technology, it gently desulfates batteries and breaks down sulfation crystals back into the battery’s solution. 1. Lead acid battery sulfate contaminated plates designed to solve. Many of those products out there that claim. View on Amazon. These salts may reduce the internal resistance to give a sulfated battery a few extra months of life. 4. The AGM batteries can be desulfated using a compatible battery charger or desulfator. 6 Mhz , that's when the crystals break from the plates. $129. DIY 12 Voltage Lead Acid Battery Desulfator SLA AGM for a few dollars and free shipping. 97 $ 59. 73 volts. This device can charge and recondition 6V/12V lead-acid and lithium-ion batteries, with 9 charging modes and desulfation function. 196 sold 5. In stock. 022 F 0. utipower Auto Pulse 400AH Lead Acid Battery Desulfator Revive Battery Regenerator for Cars, Motorcycle, ATVs . ac. The second step is a settling period of 1 second. the 48-Volt PowerPulse is designed to ensure maximum battery performance 48-volt lead-acid battery systems. Golf Cart Orange 2A Battery Desulfator Desulphator 12 24 36 48 Volt Batteries Auto Pulse. so i left my desulfator connected to this Trojan T-105 golf cart battery for 2 months and it seems to have no effects. Add to Cart . 99 Get it as soon as Thursday, Nov 30Based on dozens of customer reviews and ratings, the followings are the top 10 best-selling Battery Desulfators: #. (My direct drive desulfator runs at . BatteryMINDer® Model 2012-AGM: 12-Volt 2 AMP Charger-Maintainer-Desulfator for Optima, Odyssey, Polaris, Yuasa & other High Performance Specialty 12 Volt Sealed AGM Lead-Acid Batteries. 6 out of 5 stars 594. 2 . Try again!It is no secret that sulfation is the #1 killer of lead acid based batteries and that desulfators using Pulse Technology make an IMPACT. I have put diodes across the battery that has dampened it so I am fairly sure that the it is coming from the. com FREE DELIVERY possible on eligible purchasesA low-voltage auto-shutoff work assists with thwarting energy waste. 31. Typical: $27. It automatically dissolves harmful power-robbing sulfation using. This powerful desulfator is designed to work with batteries and packs ranging from 12 to 72 volts, with a capacity of up to 600Ah. According to TABLE 8 in the US Battery User Manual, the batteries are fully charged at 12. Discharge of the battery (allowing electrons. $10. 5 offers from $20. Contents. I've seen straight DC chargers trickle at 1. Features: This is a fully automatic battery charger with 7 charge stages. The desulfation should be performed very quickly. It was designed to use capacitors as the energy storage devices. #2. For discussion lets assume a pulse rate of 1000 Hz and a pulse width of 50 microsecs. 0 536 ratings | 77 answered questions 100+ bought in past month -14% $1899 List Price: $21. In case your battery starts developing permanent sulfation, one should not panic because the process is reversible through desulfation. Hydrometers, load testers, chargers, drill bit sets, battery post. Most battery desulfators on the market today are simple devices that attach to the battery terminals and send a pulse of current through the battery. The chemicals in Battery De-Sulfater are safe for all new and used lead acid batteries. HOME PAGE. Brand New. The Mroinge 5-Amp Fully-Automatic Battery Desulfator is a 6-volt and 12-volt battery charger, battery maintainer, trickle charger, and battery desulfator. These crystals cause batteries to become unusable at approximately one-third of their natural life. 25 Ohm according to your data and here are results: V(bat+) is pulse voltage at +Battery. We spent several hours searching the internet for best battery desulfators, reading reviews, and drawing on our own personal experiences to compile our list of the top 13 best battery desulfators now available on the market. - The 40volts DC from above is feed to a capacitor bank through a. This 12V 5A fast battery charger is specifically designed for lead-acid or lithium (LiFePO4) batteries, making it perfect for use with cars, motorcycles, ATVs, boats, and other similar vehicles. Battery Desulfator Errata In my battery desulfator article on page 84 of HP77, the value for C2 should have been 0. . 50 KHz. See full list on autoquarterly. A place where builders and u. I don't think a desulfater is going to work on an AGM battery. Registered User. 7 Top 12 Best battery Desulfator On the market Reviewd; 8 1. Excellent for use on auto batteries, golf cart batteries such as the Trojan, motorcycles, lawn equipment, heavy machinery and more . The lead reacts with the sulfuric acid inside the electrolyte to form lead sulfate. 6V 12V Car Battery Charger Lead Acid Battery Charger for All AGM,Gel,VRLA Batteries with Safety Approval CE CUL (12V) 3. A cold day can sap 50% or more of the charge out of your battery. It works incredibly well for AGM and flooded batteries and is incredibly easy to use. Qty. $25. This sulfation will gradually build and limit the battery's ability to charge, store,. 90% = 12. $148. Notes --- This product. Lead-Acid Battery Desulfator Parts List Item Component Description Cost (US$) Q1 IRF9Z34 P channel MOSFET 1. That is about how long it took the circuit to self-destruct and spew fire. Battery Charger,Battery Maintainer, Trickle Charger, and Battery Desulfator for Car,Boat,Motorcycle, Lawn Mower. . Diagnoses battery’s condition / state-of-charge. One time in an experiment gone badly I desulfated a pair of L-16s in about 10 secs. 3. It's best recommended we wait about 12hours after battery is disconnected from charger and circuit. XTREME CHARGE XC100-P Desulfator &. If you drilled holes into a sealed battery, you must plug plastic plugs into those holes. Overnight. Free shipping. 4 out of 5 stars. It also works on two or three small 48. Using Epsom Salt (Magnesium Sulfate) to Desulfate a Lead Acid Battery that has a dead cell. This is an exce. Total price: To see our price, add these items to your cart. 1. HTRC 35-Amp Smart Charger, Car Battery Charger,Trickle Charger, 12V35A/24V18A,14. Lead acid batteries can now be used for a more indefinite period of time. Electronic desulfators are the safest and the most effective way to keep your batteries free of damaging sulfation. It's a very simple circuit that. Then the circuit will generate. Not only did the treated forklift batteries last longer than the non-treated ones but during this 13 and one half years the treated batteries only needed water every 3 months, never had any corrosion, never needed to be pressured washed. 12-72V lead acid battery. (Lead-acid battery) 2. No voltage limitation, 30V limitation for vendor certified desulfating therapy, Lower restriction for charging standard lead-acid batteries at 14. Connect multimeter to your battery and check voltage. ac. Output Pulses: 22-28 kHz, 250mA peak amplitude. Recovers weak or deeply discharged batteries: including but not limited to flooded filler cap, maintenance-free, valve regulated lead-acid (VRLA), sealed lead-acid (SLA), starter, deep cycle and hybrid. If you will be desulfating motorcycle sized batteries then a voltage doubler would be big enough. 12 Volt Desulfation & Battery Restoration. Don Denhardt has assembled a gallery of dissected batteries, showing their internal anatomy. 3 Reviews Add Your Review . 5 v seems very small for a double desulfator, so I think I've done something wrong. They want to connect a box "A" to terminal "B" and have their. The XTREME Charge XC100-P  Battery Charger & Desulfator is the best charger for a 12-volt battery. 50 KHz How to Use 1. FORUMS. 00. $49. 2 Comments. 30,129. - 120-volt A. NOTIFICATIONS. E-power store. For solar battery banks, golf buggies, fork-trucks, RV’s, cars and trucks.